Past Perfect

This tense is formed using two components: the verb HAVE (in the past tense), and the past participle form of a verb. With a regular verb the past participle ends with -ED (just like the simple past). Irregular verbs have a special past participle form that you have to learn. Here are the rules, using the regular verb "arrive" and the irregular verb "eat":

Subject	HAVE	Past Participle	Contraction
I	had	arrived. eaten.	I'd arrived. I'd eaten.
You	had	arrived. eaten.	You'd arrived. You'd eaten.
He	had	arrived. eaten.	He'd arrived. He'd eaten.
She	had	arrived. eaten.	She'd arrived. She'd eaten.
It	had	arrived. eaten.	It'd arrived. It'd eaten.
We	had	arrived. eaten.	We'd arrived. We'd eaten.
They	had	arrived. eaten.	They'd arrived. They'd eaten.

The past perfect is used to show you which of two events happened first. Imagine that two things happened in the past:

Past Event	I went to see the movie.
Past Event	We discussed the movie in class.

Here, we don't know which order the events happened in. That may be important -- perhaps I went to see the movie after the discussion, or maybe I saw the movie before the discussion. There are many ways to make this sequence clear, and the past perfect is one of them. This is how we do it:

I went to see the movie. We had discussed the movie in class.

Here, we know that the discussion took place first — even though the sentence describing it comes afterwards. We discussed the movie, and then I went to see it. This can be very useful when you are telling a story or relating a sequence of events. At any point in your story, you can jump back to a previous event, and your reader will not be confused because the past perfect will make it clear that the event happened previously.

Here is another example:

Simple Past	I wanted to live in a foreign country, so I applied for a job in Japan. Judy lived in Japan, so I called her to find out more about the culture and lifestyle there. (Judy was probably still living in Japan when I called her.)
Past Perfect	I wanted to live in a foreign country, so I applied for a job in Japan. Judy had lived in Japan, so I called her to find out more about the culture and lifestyle there. (Judy no longer lived in Japan — she returned from there before I applied for the job.)